Phytochemical and Antibacterial Properties of Andrographis paniculata (Burn.F.) on Enteric Bacteria Isolated from a Surface Water in Owena, Nigeria
Journal of Advances in Microbiology,
Page 1-26
DOI:
10.9734/jamb/2019/v19i330197
Abstract
This study was aimed at determining the antibacterial activities of Andrographis paniculata on methicillin and vancomycin resistant enteric bacteria isolated from River Owena, Owena, Nigeria. Water samples were collected weekly from River Owena over a period of six weeks (n = 6). The bacteriological evaluation of the water samples was carried out using standard microbiological method. A. paniculata leaf and stem extracts were prepared using the polar (i.e., methanol) and nonpolar (i.e., n-hexane) solvents. The phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activity of all the extracts of A. paniculata leaf and stem were investigated using standard methods. Results revealed that methanol extracts from A. paniculata contained the maximum amount of phytochemicals when compared to that of the n- hexane extracts. Salmonella and Shigella were both resistant to vancomycin, while they were only susceptible to methicillin once throughout the sampling week. The methanol extracts from A. paniculata showed higher antibacterial activity against the targeted bacterial isolates of enteric origin which include E. coli, faecal coliforms, Shigella, Salmonella and intestinal enterococci. The methanol leaf extract of A. paniculata showed the maximum antibacterial activity against E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, intestinal enterococci and faecal coliform with zones of inhibition 29.0 mm, 26.00 mm, 21.3 mm, 21 mm and 19 mm respectively. The methanollic stem extract of A. paniculata showed a maximum antibacterial activity against Salmonella with zone of inhibition of 25 mm while n-hexane stem extract exhibited a maximum zone inhibition of 17.6 mm against Salmonella. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value for all the A. paniculata extracts was at a concentration of 12.5 – 50 ml. The pH of the water ranged from 6.50 to 6.90, temperature ranged from 26 to 31°C. The findings from this study demonstrated that River Owena is highly contaminated with faecal materials and that leaf and stem extracts of A. paniculata may be used as antibacterial agents against methicillin and vancomycin resistant bacteria of enteric origin.
Keywords:
- Phytochemical properties
- antibacterial properties
- Andrographis paniculata
- enteric bacteria
- surface water.
How to Cite
Ayodele, O., Olalemi, A., & Ogundare, A. (2020). Phytochemical and Antibacterial Properties of Andrographis paniculata (Burn.F.) on Enteric Bacteria Isolated from a Surface Water in Owena, Nigeria. Journal of Advances in Microbiology, 19(3), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.9734/jamb/2019/v19i330197
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Poongothai A, Sreena KP, Sreejith K, Uthiralingam M, Annapoorani S. Preliminary phytochemicals screening of Ficus racemosa Linn. Bark. International Journal of Pharmacology and Biological Sciences. 2011;37(2):127-37.
Sofowora A. Phytochemical screening. Medicinal plants and traditional medicine in Africa. 3rd ed. Spectrum books limited, Ibadan, Nigeria. 2008;199-204.
CLSI. Methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria; approved standard-eight Edition. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institutes. 2012; 27(2):1-35.
John Conly. Antimicrobial resistance in Canada. The Canadian Medical Associa-tion Journal. 2002;167(8):885-891.
Onifade AK. Ogundare AO. The antimicrobial activity of Morinda lucida leaf extract on Escherichia coli. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2009;3(4):319-323.
Chukwuka KS, Uka UN. Utilization of aquatic macrophytes in Nigerian freshwater ecosystem. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science. 2011;6(5):490-498.
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Joshua M, Takudzwa M. Antibacterial properties of Mangifera indica On Staphylococcus aureus. African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology (AJCEM). 2013;14(2):62-74.
Showell MS, Richard C, JoElla B, Nirupam P. Microbial-based waste water treatment compositions and methods of use thereof. US Patent App. 2014;14:282.
Grant A, Hashem F, Parveen S. Salmonella and Campylobacter: Antimicrobial resistance and bacteriophage control in poultry. Journal of Food Microbial. 2016;53:104-109
Doughari J, Dodo J, Mbuh F. Impact of affluent from gudu district sewage treatment plant on gudu stream in abuja, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental. 2007;11(1):79-83.
Adednego MM, Baruk AS, John NM, Maingi JM. Water bacteria pathogens in surface waters of Nairobi River. International Journal of life science and pharma research. 2013;3(1):4-7.
Koutsotoli AD, Papassava VE, Maipa, Alamanos YP. Comparing Shigella waterborne outbreaks in four different areas in Greece: Common features and differences. Journal of epidemiological infection. 2005;134(1):157-162.
Ayo OE, Arotupin DJ. An important source of Domestic Water in Owena Metropolis, Nigeria. International Journal of Environ-mental and Applied Biology. 2017;2(4):44-45.
EPA. National water quality inventory. United State environmental protection agency. Section 305(b) of clean water act. EPA-841-R-02-001; 2000.
Titilawo Y, Obi L, Okoh A. Occurrence of virulence gene signatures associated with diarrhoeagenic and non-diarrhoeagenic pathovars of Escherichia coli isolates from some selected rivers in South-Western Nigeria. Biomedicine Central Journal. 2015;15:204.
Amit A, Kumar A, Kumar M, Rahal A. Multidrug resistant pathogenic Escherichia coli status in water sources and Yamuna River in and around Mathura, India. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science. 2014;17:540-544.
Chandra R, Singh S, Raj A. Seasonal bacteriological analysis of Gola River water contaminated with pulp paper mill waste in Uttaranchal. Indian Environmental Monitoring Assessment. 2006;118:393-406.11.
Olatunji M, Kolawole T, Ajayi, Albert B, Olayemi, Anthony I, Okoh. Assessment of water quality in Asa River (Nigeria) and its indigenous Clarias gariepinus fish. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2011;8:4332-4352.
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